混入

除了传统的面向对象继承体系之外，另一种通过可复用组件构建类的流行方式，是将较简单的部分类组合起来。你可能熟悉 Scala 等语言中的混入或特质（trait）概念，这种模式在 JavaScript 社区中也已经相当流行。

混入是如何工作的？

这种模式依赖将泛型与类继承结合使用来扩展基类。TypeScript 对混入的最佳支持是通过类表达式模式实现的。你可以在这里进一步了解这种模式在 JavaScript 中的工作方式。

首先，我们需要一个类，混入将应用在它之上：

ts
class Sprite {
  name = "";
  x = 0;
  y = 0;
 
  constructor(name: string) {
    this.name = name;
  }
}Try

然后你需要一个类型和一个工厂函数，该函数返回一个扩展基类的类表达式。

ts
// To get started, we need a type which we'll use to extend
// other classes from. The main responsibility is to declare
// that the type being passed in is a class.
 
type Constructor = new (...args: any[]) => {};
 
// This mixin adds a scale property, with getters and setters
// for changing it with an encapsulated private property:
 
function Scale<TBase extends Constructor>(Base: TBase) {
  return class Scaling extends Base {
    // Mixins may not declare private/protected properties
    // however, you can use ES2020 private fields
    _scale = 1;
 
    setScale(scale: number) {
      this._scale = scale;
    }
 
    get scale(): number {
      return this._scale;
    }
  };
}Try

这些都就绪之后，你就可以创建一个表示应用了混入的基类的类：

ts
// Compose a new class from the Sprite class,
// with the Mixin Scale applier:
const EightBitSprite = Scale(Sprite);
 
const flappySprite = new EightBitSprite("Bird");
flappySprite.setScale(0.8);
console.log(flappySprite.scale);Try

受约束的混入

在上述形式中，混入对类本身没有底层认知，这可能让你难以实现想要的设计。

为了对此建模，我们修改原来的构造函数类型，使其接受一个泛型参数。

ts
// This was our previous constructor:
type Constructor = new (...args: any[]) => {};
// Now we use a generic version which can apply a constraint on
// the class which this mixin is applied to
type GConstructor<T = {}> = new (...args: any[]) => T;Try

这样就可以创建仅适用于受约束基类的类：

ts
type Positionable = GConstructor<{ setPos: (x: number, y: number) => void }>;
type Spritable = GConstructor<Sprite>;
type Loggable = GConstructor<{ print: () => void }>;Try

然后你可以创建仅在拥有特定基类可供继承时才能工作的混入：

ts
function Jumpable<TBase extends Positionable>(Base: TBase) {
  return class Jumpable extends Base {
    jump() {
      // This mixin will only work if it is passed a base
      // class which has setPos defined because of the
      // Positionable constraint.
      this.setPos(0, 20);
    }
  };
}Try

替代模式

本文档之前的版本曾推荐一种编写混入的方式：分别创建运行时层级和类型层级，最后再将它们合并：

ts
// Each mixin is a traditional ES class
class Jumpable {
  jump() {}
}
 
class Duckable {
  duck() {}
}
 
// Including the base
class Sprite {
  x = 0;
  y = 0;
}
 
// Then you create an interface which merges
// the expected mixins with the same name as your base
interface Sprite extends Jumpable, Duckable {}
// Apply the mixins into the base class via
// the JS at runtime
applyMixins(Sprite, [Jumpable, Duckable]);
 
let player = new Sprite();
player.jump();
console.log(player.x, player.y);
 
// This can live anywhere in your codebase:
function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, constructors: any[]) {
  constructors.forEach((baseCtor) => {
    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach((name) => {
      Object.defineProperty(
        derivedCtor.prototype,
        name,
        Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(baseCtor.prototype, name) ||
          Object.create(null)
      );
    });
  });
}Try

这种模式较少依赖编译器，更多依赖你的代码库来确保运行时和类型系统保持正确同步。

约束

混入模式通过代码流分析在 TypeScript 编译器内部得到原生支持。但在少数情况下，你会触及原生支持的边界。

装饰器与混入 #4881

你无法使用装饰器通过代码流分析来提供混入：

ts
// A decorator function which replicates the mixin pattern:
const Pausable = (target: typeof Player) => {
  return class Pausable extends target {
    shouldFreeze = false;
  };
};
 
@Pausable
class Player {
  x = 0;
  y = 0;
}
 
// The Player class does not have the decorator's type merged:
const player = new Player();
player.shouldFreeze;
Property 'shouldFreeze' does not exist on type 'Player'.2339Property 'shouldFreeze' does not exist on type 'Player'.
 
// The runtime aspect could be manually replicated via
// type composition or interface merging.
type FreezablePlayer = Player & { shouldFreeze: boolean };
 
const playerTwo = (new Player() as unknown) as FreezablePlayer;
playerTwo.shouldFreeze;Try

静态属性混入 #17829

与其说是约束，不如说是陷阱。类表达式模式创建的是单例，因此无法在类型系统中映射它们以支持不同的变量类型。

你可以通过使用函数返回基于泛型而有所不同的类来绕过这个问题：

ts
function base<T>() {
  class Base {
    static prop: T;
  }
  return Base;
}
 
function derived<T>() {
  class Derived extends base<T>() {
    static anotherProp: T;
  }
  return Derived;
}
 
class Spec extends derived<string>() {}
 
Spec.prop; // string
Spec.anotherProp; // stringTry